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- BOOKS, Page 80They Take Their Lumps
-
-
- By Paul Gray
-
-
- BIG SUGAR
- by Alec Wilkinson
- Knopf; 263 pages; $18.95
-
- One good way to catch a reader's attention is to start off
- with a bang. This book does so. Chapter 1, first sentence: "The
- most perilous work in America is the harvest by hand of
- sugarcane in South Florida." Holy mackerel, stop the presses!
- A lot of coal miners will certainly be relieved to learn this,
- not to mention scads of military test pilots. And just how
- perilous is this work, which is principally performed by
- laborers brought in from the Caribbean? An answer is tucked in
- at the end of a paragraph 245 pages later: "As far as I know a
- West Indian has never died in the cane fields."
-
- This is certainly ending with a whimper. Yet such a dying
- fall hardly saps the considerable strengths of Big Sugar,
- subtitled Seasons in the Cane Fields of Florida. Forget the
- comparative dangers of cutting sugarcane. Wonder instead why
- roughly 10,000 West Indian men, chiefly Jamaicans, come to South
- Florida each winter to do it. That is what Alec Wilkinson, a
- staff writer for The New Yorker, did when he came across this
- information in a 1984 newspaper story. Other questions aroused
- Wilkinson's interest as a reporter. Among them: Is it not odd
- that a major domestic cash crop should be so heavily dependent
- on imported black labor? What is going on down there? For the
- next four years, Wilkinson paid a number of visits to South
- Florida trying to find out.
-
- He was looking for an expose -- a big U.S. business using
- and abusing desperate, impoverished workers -- and in large
- measure he found what he wanted. Florida accounts for around 40%
- of the sugarcane grown in the U.S., and producers there have
- been using West Indian cutters for more than 45 years.
- Mechanical harvesting would be much less expensive, but there
- are substantial areas in the state where the soil is too fragile
- to bear the ravages of machinery. So the brunt of cost
- consciousness falls on the cutters, who invariably take their
- lumps. They are routinely cheated of some time spent in the
- fields. They are expected to cut and stack one ton of cane an
- hour. Those who fall behind are "checked out," deprived of any
- pay they may have earned that day and sent back to their
- barracks, which in many cases resemble prison camps. As the
- ultimate penalty, laggards or troublemakers can always be
- deported.
-
- Wilkinson, who has also written books about police work on
- Cape Cod and moonshine enforcement in North Carolina, finds and
- displays much genuine cause for outrage here, but he also brings
- back a richer, more complex story than he seems willing to
- acknowledge. Better pay and treatment from the growers might
- improve the cutters' lot, but nothing will ameliorate the
- reality of harvesting cane by hand. It is boring, backbreaking
- work, carried out in oppressive heat, surrounded by the dangers
- of poisonous snakes, fire ants and whirling, razor-sharp
- scythes. Some of those who suffer these miseries take pride in
- their work. A man from St. Lucia tells Wilkinson, "Cutting the
- cane in itself is also a skillful task, you must be skillful at
- it. When you cutting the cane you must have a free mind."
-
- Fearing reprisals, all but a few cutters refused to talk to
- Wilkinson. Those who cooperated are quoted at length, and they
- do not seem exploited in their own free minds. A bad job in the
- Florida fields is better than no job back home on their
- islands. This is where the message -- villains and victims --
- that Wilkinson would like to send gets scrambled, to his book's
- ultimate benefit. What emerges instead is a parable, as old as
- the epics, of humans trying to make the best out of life's
- imposing, impossible conditions.
-
-